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18 results for “θεός”
§16.1 — Paradigm of ὁ, ἡ, τό
Chapter 16 — Morphology of the Definite Article
…d…* Parsing: ὁ = nom. m. sg. (modifies λόγος); τὸν = acc. m. sg. (modifies θεόν, the object of πρὸς). John 3:16 — Οὕτως γὰρ ἠγάπησεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν κόσμον… *For in this way God loved the world…* Parsing: ὁ marks θεός as the subject; τὸν marks κόσμον as the object.
§2.18 — Manuscript Abbreviations and Nomina Sacra
Chapter 2 — The Greek Alphabet and Writing System
…normally marked with a supralinear stroke . Common examples include ΚΣ (κύριος), ΘΣ (θεός), ΙΣ / ΧΣ (Ἰησοῦς / Χριστός), ΠΗΡ (πατήρ), and ΠΝΑ (πνεῦμα), with forms varying according to case and manuscript practice. Nomina sacra are a distinctive and early featu…
§39.10 — Nominative Used for Vocative
Chapter 39 — Syntax of the Nominative and Vocative
…with the morphological vocative βασιλεῦ . The textual difference changes the grammatical example and must remain explicit rather than being silently harmonized. John 20:28 — Ὁ κύριός μου καὶ ὁ θεός μου — also uses articular nominative forms in direct address.
§39.2 — Predicate Nominative
Chapter 39 — Syntax of the Nominative and Vocative
…ctive verb is not interchangeable with εἰμί. In John 1:1c, ὁ λόγος is the subject and θεός the predicate nominative. Identifying these syntactic roles is distinct from interpreting the predicate's semantic force in context. 1 John 4:8 — ὁ θεὸς ἀγάπη ἐστίν ('Go…
§39.9 — Articular Nominative in Direct Address
Chapter 39 — Syntax of the Nominative and Vocative
…οῖς οὐρανοῖς (Matt 6:9). John 20:28 — Patriarchal text, HBS BYZ04: ὁ Κύριός μου καὶ ὁ Θεός μου ('My Lord and my God!'). The narrative says that Thomas answered αὐτῷ ('to him'); the articular nominative expressions function as address to Jesus. This illustrates…
§42.1 — Direct Object
Chapter 42 — Syntax of the Accusative
…ct accusative is a complement in the construction of a transitive verb. In ἠγάπησεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸν κόσμον ('God loved the world'), τὸν κόσμον is the object of ἠγάπησεν. The object need not literally receive an action or undergo a change. Some Greek verbs select ge…
§43.17 — Anarthrous Nouns
Chapter 43 — Syntax of the Article
…uish the observation from its converse and from an interpreter’s further argument. In θεὸς ἦν ὁ λόγος (John 1:1c, citation capitalization), identifying θεός as predicate is a syntactic judgment; its semantic force needs lexical and contextual evidence. This di…
§43.18 — Predicate Nominatives and Article Usage
Chapter 43 — Syntax of the Article
…est covering clauses with pronouns, two articular expressions, or neither article. In θεὸς ἦν ὁ λόγος (John 1:1c, citation capitalization), ὁ λόγος is the subject and θεός the predicate nominative. Distinguish that analysis from semantic interpretation. A qual…
§43.9 — Article with Monadic Nouns
Chapter 43 — Syntax of the Article
…ut uniqueness is not a mechanical article requirement. Words such as ἥλιος ('sun') or θεός ('god/God') must be interpreted in their actual usage; the spelling of the noun does not establish uniqueness. John 1:1 also illustrates why an anarthrous predicate must…
§50.4 — Copular Verbs
Chapter 50 — Verbal Valency and Argument Structure
…o occur in other constructions. In 1 John 4:8 , ἀγάπη is a noun , not an adjective: ὁ Θεὸς ἀγάπη ἐστίν has an articular subject and an anarthrous predicate nominative. John 1:1c , καὶ Θεὸς ἦν ὁ Λόγος , likewise has ὁ Λόγος as subject and Θεός as predicate. Art…
§50.6 — Subject
Chapter 50 — Verbal Valency and Argument Structure
…hasis automatically. HBS BYZ04: Romans 5:8: συνίστησι δὲ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ ἀγάπην εἰς ἡμᾶς ὁ Θεός ('but God demonstrates his own love toward us'). The subject follows the object; that position alone does not prove emphasis. Matthew 5:4: μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες ('bless…
§50.9 — Predicative Complement
Chapter 50 — Verbal Valency and Argument Structure
…n, pronominal form, agreement, and discourse help. In John 1:1c , ὁ Λόγος is subject; Θεός is predicate. This identifies grammatical function without mechanically deciding definiteness or the full semantic interpretation. In John 1:14 , σάρξ is a predicate nou…
§51.11 — Copular Clauses
Chapter 51 — The Greek Clause
…be reversed into a rule that every anarthrous preverbal predicate is definite. In καὶ Θεὸς ἦν ὁ Λόγος (John 1:1c), ὁ Λόγος is the subject and Θεός the predicate nominative. This syntactic identification is secure; interpreting the predicate requires lexical an…
§51.4 — Main Verb
Chapter 51 — The Greek Clause
…ν form a periphrastic predicate. In John 3:16a the order is οὕτω – γάρ – ἠγάπησεν – ὁ Θεός – τὸν κόσμον : the subject follows the verb. It does not stand between οὕτω and ἠγάπησεν. This order alone does not establish a special emphasis or displacement from a s…
§64.11 — Postpositive Elements
Chapter 64 — Word Order in New Testament Greek
…63). John 3:16: [οὕτω] adverb + [γάρ] postpositive connective + [ἠγάπησεν] verb + [ὁ Θεός] subject + [τὸν κόσμον] object. The first written word is simply οὕτω ; γάρ follows it. No special counting convention makes γάρ appear first. γάρ supplies explanation/s…
§64.15 — Limits of Translating Greek Word Order into English
Chapter 64 — Word Order in New Testament Greek
…Greek preverbal object. For the context-free teaching sentence τὸν κόσμον ἠγάπησεν ὁ θεός , the basic translation is 'God loved the world.' Capitalizing THE WORLD or using an exclusive cleft would add an interpretive choice requiring context. Preserve uncerta…
§64.5 — Verb–Object Order
Chapter 64 — Word Order in New Testament Greek
…its object. In John 3:16, the object τὸν κόσμον follows ἠγάπησεν , with the subject ὁ Θεός intervening: the core expressed-argument sequence is V–S–O . Identify whole constituents rather than assuming verb and object must be adjacent. A postverbal object can p…
§64.6 — Object Fronting
Chapter 64 — Word Order in New Testament Greek
…s to a particular syntactic movement theory. In the constructed τὸν κόσμον ἠγάπησεν ὁ θεός , the sequence is O–V–S . Its case-marked roles are identifiable, but without discourse context a unique focus or topic analysis is not. John 14:27 provides an attested…